Students

Morgan Bond (PhD)
mobond@u.washington.edu
Morgan's website and CV

Morgan is interested in the life history diversity of fishes in the Chignik Lakes watershed on the Alaska Peninsula. His particular focus is the population structure and habitat use of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) within the Chignik Lakes drainage, as well as the consequences for salmonids rearing in the large and unique Chignik lagoon. Prior to entering the University of Washington, he received his M.S. from the University of California at Santa Cruz and worked at the National Marine Fisheries Service laboratory there on the ecology of coho salmon and steelhead trout at the southern end of their range in North America.

Selected Publications:

• Frechette, D., Osterback, A. K., Hayes, S.A., Bond, M.H., Moore, J.W., Shaffer, S.A. and Harvey, J.T. In review Application of mark-recapture methods to assess avian predation of juvenile salmonids in central California. North American Journal of Fisheries management.
• Hayes, S.A., Hanson, C.V., Pearse, D.E., Bond, M.H., Garza, J.C., MacFarlane, R.B. In review. Should I stay or should I go? The influence of genetic origin on emigration behavior and physiology of resident and anadromous juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss. North American Journal of Fisheries Management
• Quinn, T.P., Dittman, A.H., Barrett, H., Cunningham, C., and Bond, M.H. in press. Chemosensory responses of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma, and sculpins (Cottus spp.) to eggs and other tissues from adult Pacific salmon. Environmental Biology of Fishes
• Hayes, S.A., Bond, M.H., Hanson, C.V., Jones, A.W., Ammann, A.J., Harding, J.A., Collins, A.L., Perez, J., MacFarlane, R.B. 2011. Down, Up, Down and "smolting" twice? Seasonal movement patterns by juvenile steelhead in a coastal watershed with a bar closing estuary. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68: 1341-1350

Curry Cunningham (MS)
curryc2@uw.edu

Curry Cunningham completed his undergraduate degree at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver before coming to SAFS. Curry is primarily interested in the evolutionary ecology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), specifically the influences of anthropogenic and natural selection.  His research employs applied techniques to: 1) quantify changes in morphometric and life-history traits over time resulting from fishery selection, 2) synthesize empirical data on fishery, predatory and sexual selection into predictive individual-based models, permitting inference regarding future phenotypic changes, and 3) evaluate the evolutionary implications of alternative fishery management strategies. Curry is a former salmon fisherman in Bristol Bay, Alaska and is delighted to have returned to conduct field research in the Wood and Kvichak River systems.

Fred Goetz (PhD)
Frederick.A.Goetz@NWS02.usace.army.mil

Fred received his M.S. from Oregon State University where he studied the ecology of bull trout and since then he has worked for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a fish biologist studying the movements of salmon and trout in Puget Sound. In his professional work, Fred has evaluated fish passage and habitat conditions at several Corps dams and navigation projects including in the Green River, White/Puyallup Rivers, the Ballard Locks, and the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, Skagit, and Nooksack Rivers.

At the Locks Fred helped design and evaluate a fish passage system for protection of migrating salmon smolts. In development of the system, he tested and evaluated three behavioral guidance techniques (low-frequency sound, strobe lights, and slowing the fill rate of the lock) to keep smolts from becoming entrained in the filling system for the locks. Strobe lights and slowing the fill rate were found to be effective in reducing entrainment and these techniques are now part of the smolt passage system. As part of this work at the Locks, Fred helped develop a long-term monitoring plan for the Lake Washington system by including PIT-tag monitors in flumes that are designed to pass smolts from freshwater to Shilshole Bay. Juvenile Chinook and coho salmon have been tagged in various Lake Washington tributaries and monitored with the readers since 2000. As part of an assessment of dredging projects in Puget Sound rivers, Fred has been monitoring bull trout behavior and habitat use in estuary and nearshore areas in northeast Puget Sound since 2002. This work is the first research to study the anadromous life history type of bull trout. This research is being used in recovery planning for ESA-listed Puget Sound bull trout.

His dissertation project is a multi-species investigation of salmonid movements using ultrasonic telemetry. Working in cooperation with a large number of investigators from various agencies (e.g., NOAA-Fisheries, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Seattle City Light, Nisqually Tribal Fisheries Office) he has been tagging steelhead, anadromous cutthroat trout and bull trout, and coho and Chinook salmon. These species range from those thought to invariably migrate to the Pacific ocean for feeding (steelhead), to species that may reside in Puget Sound or migrate to the coast (coho and Chinook salmon) and those thought to invariably remain within Puget Sound, near their natal rivers (cutthroat and bull trout). The telemetry study should provide insights into the basic biology of these species and also facilitate conservation efforts.

Selected Publications:

• Moore, M. E., F. A. Goetz, D. M. Van Doornik, E. P. Tezak, T. P. Quinn, J. J. Reyes-Tomassini, and B. A. Berejikian. 2010. Early marine migration patterns of wild coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki), steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and their hybrids. Public Library of Science One 5(9): E12881
• DeVries, P., F. Goetz, K. Fresh, and D. Seiler. 2004. Evidence of a lunar gravitation cue on timing of estuarine entry by Pacific salmon smolts. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:1379-1395.
• Ruggerone, G. T., and F. A. Goetz. 2004. Survival of Puget Sound chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in response to climate-induced competition with pink salmon (O. gorbuscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:175601779.

Dan Hasselman
Post-doctoral Research Associate
dhasselm@uw.edu
Dan's website and CV

Dan has broad interests in evolutionary biology, molecular ecology and conservation. His research explores the evolution of wild anadromous fish populations over contemporary time scales, and aims to bridge the gap between academia and application by employing molecular and non-molecular tools to provide linkages between evolutionary biology and practical conservation.  See his website for details of specific research interests.

Selected Publications

• Hasselman et al. 2010. Taking stock: Defining populations of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in Canada using neutral genetic markers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67: 1021-1039.
  
• Hasselman et al. 2009. Discrimination of the endangered Atlantic whitefish from lake whitefish and round whitefish by use of external characters. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29: 1046-1057.
  
• Hasselman et al. 2007. Ontogenetic development of endangered Atlantic whitefish (Coregonus huntsmani Scott, 1987) eggs, embryos, larvae, and juveniles. Canadian Journal of Zoology 85:1157-1168.
  

Rachel Hovel (PhD)
rhovel@u.washington.edu
Rachel's website

Jessica Rohde (MS)
rohdej@uw.edu
http://www.jessicarohde.com

Jessica's research examines the early marine migration and behavior of Puget Sound sub-adult coho salmon. This project combines complimentary methods to investigate migration at two levels: 1) data from a network of acoustic telemetry receivers within the Puget Sound to allow investigation of the small-scale vertical and horizontal movements of individuals, and 2) analysis of coded wire tag records of Puget Sound hatchery and wild coho populations to reveal large-scale migratory patterns at the population level.

Jessica's broad interests in movement ecology and marine resource conservation have facilitated her participation in international research in both Mongolia and the Turks & Caicos Islands. As the President of the University of Washington Student Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, she is active in outreach, and has a passion for communicating about science with the public. See her website for more information on her research and outreach.

• Rohde, J., Quinn, T.P., Fresh, K.L. and Logsdon, M. In progress. Factors affecting distribution of Puget Sound hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) as determined by coded-wire tag recoveries.
• Rohde, J., Quinn, T.P., Fresh, K. and Kagley, A. In progress. Movement patterns of Puget Sound sub-adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
• Fresh, K.L., Quinn, T.P. and Rohde, J. In progress. Diel Vertical Migration of sub-adult Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch).
• Dikou, A., Ackerman, C., Banks, C., Dempsey, A., Fox, M., Gins, M., Hester, P., Parnes, A., Roach, S., Rohde, J., Spital, C., Tapleshay, M and, Thomas, L. 2009. Ecological assessment to detect imminent change, Admiral Cockburn Land and Sea National Park, Turks and Caicos Islands. Marine Ecology 30 (4): 425-436.

Peter Westley
Post-doctoral Research Associate
resolute@uw.edu
Peter's website and CV

Peter completed his Ph.D. from Memorial University of Newfoundland in 2012 where he used the introduction of brown trout as a natural experiment to examine broad ecological and evolutionary questions. Generally speaking, Peter is interested in understanding how organisms adapt, both through genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity, to novel environments. His post-doctoral work aims to better understand the behavioral patterns and processes of colonization by utilizing PIT tag and coded wire tag data from Columbia River salmon and steelhead.

Selected publications:

• Westley, P.A.H. 2011. What invasive species reveal about the rate and form of contemporary phenotypic change in nature. The American Naturalist, 177: 496-509.
• Westley, P.A.H. and Fleming, I.A. 2011. Landscape factors that shape a slow and persistent aquatic invasion: brown trout in Newfoundland 1883-2010 Diversity and Distributions, 17: 566-579.
• Westley, P.A.H., Schindler, D.E., Quinn, T.P., Ruggerone, G.T. and Hilborn, R. 2010. Natural habitat change, commercial fishing, climate, and dispersal interact to restructure an Alaskan fish metacommunity. Oecologia, 163: 471-484.
• Westley, P.A.H., Hilborn, R., Quinn, T.P., Ruggerone, G.T. and Schindler, D.E. 2008. Long-term changes in rearing habitat and downstream movement by juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in an interconnected Alaska lake system. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 17: 443-454.

Jon Whittouck (MS)
wittouck@u.washington.edu

Neala Kendall (MS 2007, PhD 2011)
kendalln@u.washington.edu
Neala's website, CV, and dissertation

Neala Kendall received her BA in biology from Kenyon College in Ohio. After a three-year stint doing environmental consulting in northern California she moved to Seattle to begin her graduate work at SAFS. For her master's thesis, Neala quantified fishery selection by a gillnet fishery on age and size at maturity of sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay, Alaska. She examined selection from 1946-2007 at two scales, the Nushagak District (Kendall et al. 2009), and individual spawning populations within the Wood River system that differ in age and size at maturity (Kendall and Quinn 2009).

Neala extended this project for her PhD, for which she investigated potential life history evolution resulting from this fishery selection. Neala first worked on a project to analyze long term data on age and size at smolt transformation and maturation of wild and common garden-reared Columbia River sockeye salmon populations to better understand how genetic and environmental effects impact age and size at maturation (Kendall et al. 2010 ESR). She found that genetic effects play a role in influencing these traits, suggesting that fishery selection has the potential to result in evolutionary changes in Pacific salmon. In other PhD chapters Neala has used vulnerability profiles and selection differentials to quantify commercial fishery selection on Bristol Bay, Alaska sockeye salmon across fishing districts where different types of fishing gear is employed (Kendall and Quinn in prep) and both commercial and recreational fishery selection on one population of Bristol Bay Chinook salmon (Kendall and Quinn 2011 TAFS). Finally, in the remaining chapters of her dissertation Neala tested the hypothesis that trends in age and size at maturation of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon are driven by environmental effects in conjunction with selective fishing and teasing apart phenotypic plasticity and genetic changes using probabilistic maturation reaction norms and quantitative genetics models. Neala enjoys the balance of fieldwork and quantitative analyses employed in her research, and she has also appreciated her recent classes in science communication.

After graduating, Neala became a Post-Doctoral Research Assistant at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center.

Selected Publications:

• Kendall, N. W. and T. P. Quinn. In Review. Size-selective fishing affects sex ratios and the opportunity for sexual selection in Alaskan sockeye salmon. Oikos.
• Kendall, N. W., M. Heino, U. Dieckmann, A. E. Punt, and T. P. Quinn. In Prep. Evolution of age and size at maturation of Alaskan sockeye salmon under size-selective harvest.
• Kendall, N. W. and T. P. Quinn. In press. Comparative size-selectivity among Alaskan sockeye salmon fisheries: implications for fisheries-induced evolution. Ecological Applications.
• Quinn, T. P., N. W. Kendall, H. B. Rich, Jr, and B. Chasco. In Press. Diel vertical movements, and effects of infection by the cestode Schistocephalus solidus on daytime proximity of three-spine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus to the surface of a large Alaskan lake. Oecologia.

Pamela Woods (dual PhD degree, UW and University of Iceland, 2011)
pamelajwoods@gmail.com
Pamela's dissertation [PDF]

Pamela earned a dual doctoral degree between the University of Washington and the University of Iceland. This is the first such dual degree that the University of Washington has allowed with an external university. As part of a European Research Training Network, FishACE, she began her dissertation in January 2008 by studying evolutionary patterns of divergence in Arctic char populations, and how these relate to local ecological conditions of lakes across Iceland. Her supervisors are Skúli Skúlason (Hólar University College, Iceland), Siggi Snorrason (University of Iceland), and Thomas Quinn (University of Washington). She continued with a comparison of Icelandic freshwater food webs and those at field sites in Alaska, another high-latitude region that is geologically older and more biologically diverse. These projects will aid natural resource management by yielding an understanding for how environmental issues, such as global climate change or exploitation, may affect the ecology of freshwater systems. 

After graduating, Pamela became a Post-Doctoral Research Assistant in the Marice lab with Dr. Guðrún Marteinsdóttir (Iceland).

Selected Publications:

• Woods, P. J., 2010. Geographic variation in lower pharyngeal jaw morphology in the Shiner Perch Cymatogaster aggregata (Embiotocidae, Teleostei). Environmental Biology of Fishes 88: 153 – 168.
• Woods, P. J. 2007. Complexity in a marine species: dependence of ontogenetic allometry on habitat and life stage in the shiner perch Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons (Teleostei: Embiotocidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20: 1783 – 1798.
• Woods, P. J., Müller, R., and Seehausen, O. 2009. Intergenomic epistasis causes asynchronous hatch times in whitefish hybrids, but only when parental ecotypes differ. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22: 2305-2319.
• Woods, P.J., 2008. Patterns of evolution in a polymorphic fish: a challenge for conservation and management? Poster presented at the 2008 World Fisheries Congress, Japan. PDF
• McDermott, S.F., Canino, M., Hillgruber, N., Cooper, D., Spies, I., Guthridge, J.L., Atkinson, S., Ianelli, J.N., Woods, P. 2008. Reproductive Ecology of Atka Mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius in Alaska. North Pacific Research Board Final Report, Project 522. Pp. 1-161.
• Woods, P. J. 2007. Complexity in a marine species: dependence of ontogenetic allometry on habitat and life stage in the shiner perch Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons (Teleostei: Embiotocidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20: 1783 – 17

Joseph Anderson (MS 2007, PhD 2011)
joeander@uw.edu

Joe Anderson's research in the Quinn lab investigated the process of salmon colonization on a local Washington river where the construction of fish passage facilities have permitted coho and Chinook salmon to access habitat they had been denied for over 100 years. His M.S. thesis work described the movements of adult coho salmon in the new habitat (Anderson and Quinn 2007), as well as the distribution of juvenile coho in relation to adult spawning sites (Anderson et al. 2008). His dissertation research employed molecular genetics to evaluate the individual and population-level reproductive success of both coho and Chinook salmon during colonization.

After graduating, Joe became a Post-Doctoral Research Assistant at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center.

Selected Publications:

• Anderson, J. H., P. L. Faulds, W. I. Atlas, G. R. Pess, and T. P. Quinn. 2010. Selection on breeding date and body size in colonizing coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Molecular Ecology 19: 2562-2573.
• Kiffney, P. M., G. R. Pess, J. H. Anderson, P. Faulds, K. Burton, and S. C. Riley. 2009. Changes in fish communities following recolonization of the Cedar River, WA USA by Pacific salmon after 103 years of local extirpation. River Research and Applications (in press).
• Anderson, J. H., P. M. Kiffney, T. P. Quinn, and G. R. Pess. 2008. Summer distribution and growth of juvenile coho salmon during colonization of newly accessible habitat. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:772-781.
• Anderson, J. H., and T. P. Quinn. 2007. Movements of adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during colonization of newly accessible habitat. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64:1143-1154.

Thomas Buehrens (MS, 2011)
Thomas' Thesis [PDF]
tbuehren@uw.edu

Thomas' research in the Quinn lab investigated the ecology of rainbow and cutthroat trout in the Cedar River, Washington. Fish populations in this river were segregated in 1901, when a diversion dam was built, preventing migratory fish from accessing the upper watershed. Trout populations living in the river upstream of the dam were forced to adopt resident life histories and were isolated from below-dam populations of trout and anadromous Pacific salmon. In 2003, modification of the dam restored passage for migrating fish, and allowed coho and Chinook salmon to spawn above the dam. Thomas investigated the effects of restored habitat connectivity and colonizing salmon on coastal cutthroat and rainbow trout. His methodology employed Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags to study the growth, movement, and survival of trout, molecular genetics to distinguish between trout species and hybrids, and stable isotope chemistry to relate growth and movement of individual trout with potential forage resources.

After Graduating, Thomas became a Research Fishery Biologist with Wild Fish Conservancy.

Todd Seamons (PhD, 2005; Post-Doc, 2011)

Todd's research with the Quinn lab investigated the evolution of fitness traits of fishes in natural and human-manipulated environments, utilizing molecular and quantitative genetic methods to 1) to determine evolutionary processes in fish populations and 2) investigate the impacts of management and conservation on these processes. His work specifically focues on salmonids, which have diverse life histories, are of significant regional management and conservation interest and are cultured on an extensive scale. He also used genetic tools to investigate impacts of hatchery steelhead on wild populations.

After completing his post-doc, Todd went to work with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

Selected Publications:

• T.R. SEAMONS and T.P. Quinn. 2010. Sex-specific patterns of lifetime reproductive success in single and repeat breeding steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 64:505-513.
• T.R. SEAMONS, M.B. Dauer, J. Sneva, T.P. Quinn. 2009. Use of parentage assignment and DNA genotyping to validate scale analysis for estimating steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) age and spawning history. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 29:396-403.
• S.M. Carlson* and T.R. SEAMONS*. 2008. A review of quantitative genetic components of fitness in salmonids: implications for adaptation to future change. Evolutionary Applications, 1:222-238.
  *equal contribution

Troy Jaecks (MS, 2010)

Troy's thesis was on population dynamics and trophic ecology of Dolly Varden in the Iliamna River, Alaska [PDF]. After graduating, Troy continued his work with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.

Joshua Chamberlin (MS, 2009)

Josh's thesis was on early marine migratory patterns and the factors that promote resident type behavior of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in Puget Sound, Washington [PDF]. After graduating, Josh went to work at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center.

George Pess (PhD, 2009)

George's dissertation was on patterns and processes of salmon colonization [PDF]. After graduating, George became a Supervisory Research Fishery Biologist in the Watershed Program at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center.

Graduate Students Supervised

Master of Science degrees

• Anderson, J. H. 2006. Colonization of newly accessible habitat by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).
• Berman, C. H. 1990. Effect of elevated holding temperatures on adult spring chinook salmon reproductive success
• Boatright, C. 2003. Timing of migration, spawning, and juvenile emergence by sockeye salmon in Bear Lake, Alaska.
• Buck, G. 2003. Migratory pathways of maturing sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay, Alaska.
• Buehrens, T. W. 2011. Growth, movement, survival and spawning habitat of coastal cutthroat trout.
• Chamberlin, J. 2009. Early marine migratory patterns and the factors that promote resident type behavior of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in Puget Sound, Washington.
• Dalton, T. J. 1989. The use of a freshwater trematode as a parasite tag to indicate continental region of origin of ocean-caught steelhead trout.
• Denton, K. 2008 The utilization of a salmon subsidy by resident char (Salvelinus spp.).
• Doctor, K. 2008 Fishing out evolution? Spatial and temporal patterns of migration in sockeye salmon
• Erickson, M. 2005. Vertebrate Communities in Bedrock and Gravel bottomed Streams of the Willapa Basin
• Havey, M. 2008 Salmon olfaction: Odor detection and imprinting in Oncorhynchus spp.
• Hendry, A. P. 1995. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Washington: an investigation of ancestral origins, population differentiation, and local adaptation.
• Hodgson, S. 2000. Marine and freshwater climatic influences on the migratory timing of adult sockeye salmon.
• Jaecks, T. 2010. Population Dynamics and Trophic Ecology of Dolly Varden in the Iliamna River, Alaska: Life History of Freshwater Fish Relying on Marine Food Subsidies. PDF
• Kinnison, M. T. 1997. Population differentiation in chinook salmon introduced to New Zealand: evidence from morphological, reproductive and early life history characters.
• Kahler, T. H. 1999. Summer movement and growth of individually marked juvenile salmonids in western Washington streams.
• Kendall, N. 2007. Long term fishery selection on size and age at maturity in Bristol Bay, Alaska sockeye salmon.
• Leonetti, F. E. 1996. Habitat attributes, sockeye salmon spawning behavior, and redd site characteristics at island beaches, Iliamna Lake, Alaska.
• Mackey, G. 1999. Investigations of opportunities for genetic and ecological interactions and reproductive success of hatchery and wild steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Forks Creek, Washington.
• Newell, J. 2005. Migration and movement patterns of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Lake Washington.
• Nowak, G. 2000. Movement patterns and feeding ecology of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) in Lake Washington.
• Olson, A. F. 1989. Some aspects of the behavior of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in estuaries.
• Rhodes, J. S. 1998. Comparative performance of hatchery and naturally reared coho salmon parr in streams: laboratory and field experiments
• Rich, H. R. 2006. Effects of climate and density on the distribution, growth, and life history of juvenile sockeye salmon in Iliamna Lake, Alaska.
• Roni, P. 1992. Life history and spawning habitat in four stocks of large-bodied chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
• Shreffler, D. K. 1989. Temporary residence and foraging by juvenile salmon in a restored estuarine wetland.

Doctor of Philosophy degrees

• Anderson, J. 2011. Dispersal and reproductive success of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon colonizing newly accessible habitat.
• Abrey, C. A. 2005. Variation in the early life history of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): emergence timing, an ontogenetic shift, and population productivity.
• Carlson, S. M. 2006. Evolutionary effects of bear predation on salmon life history and morphology.
• Dickerson, B. R. 2003. Reproductive success in wild pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha.
• Dittman, A. H. 1994. Behavioral and biochemical mechanisms of olfactory imprinting and homing by coho salmon.
• Gende, S. M. 2002. Foraging behavior of bears at salmon streams: intake, choice, and the role of salmon life history.
• Hendry, A. P. 1998. Reproductive energetics of Pacific salmon: strategies, tactics and tradeoffs.
• Kinnison, M. T. 1999. Life history divergence and population structure of New Zealand chinook salmon: a study of contemporary microevolution.
• Lonzarich, D. G. 1994. Stream fish communities in Washington: patterns and processes.
• McLean, J. E. 2003.Reproductive success of hatchery and wild steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
• Merrick, R. 1995. The relationship of the foraging ecology of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) to their population decline in Alaska.
• Pess, G. R. 2009. Patterns and processes of salmon colonization.
• Roni, P. 2000. Response of fish and salamanders to instream restoration in small western Washington and Oregon streams.
• Seamons, T. R. 2005. The mating system of steelhead and the effect of length and arrival date on steelhead reproductive success.