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Recommended Readings
Items on Reserve in the Fisheries-Oceanography Library
Brannon, E.L. and E.O. Salo (editors). 1982. Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium. School of Fisheries, Univ. of Washington.
Center for Streamside Studies. 1994. Pacific salmon and their ecosystems: status and future options. Abstracts and Posters from 1994 Symposium.
Dadswell et al. (editors). 1987. Common Strategies of Anadromous and Catadromous Fishes. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1.
Foerster, R.E. 1968. The Sockeye Salmon. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 162.
Groot, C. and L. Margolis (editors). 1991. Pacific Salmon Life Histories. Univ. of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C.
Groot, C., L. Margolis and W.C. Clarke (editors). 1995. Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon. Univ. of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C.
Knudson, E. E, et. al. 2000. Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers.
Lichatowich, J. 1999. Salmon without rivers. Island Press, Washington D.C.
Mathisen, O.A. 1955. Studies on the spawning biology of the red salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum) in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Washington.
McNeil, W.J. and D.C. Himsworth (editors). 1980. Salmonid Ecosystems of the North Pacific. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis.
Meehan, W.R. (editor). 1991. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Amer. Fish. Soc. Sp. Publ. 19.
National Research Council. 1996. Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
Pearcy, W.G. (editor). 1984. The Influence of Ocean Conditions on the Production of Salmonids in the North Pacific. Oregon Sea Grant.
Pearcy, W.G. 1992. Ocean Ecology of North Pacific Salmonids. Washington Sea Grant.
Salo, E.O. and T.W. Cundy (editors). 1987. Streamside Management: Forestry and Fishery Interactions. College of Forest Resources, Univ. of Washington.
Schroder, S.L. 1973. Effects of density on the spawning success of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in an artificial spawning channel. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Washington.
Smith, H.D., L. Margolis and C.C. Wood (editors). 1987. Sockeye Salmon: Population Biology and Future Management. Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96.
Stouder, D., P.A. Bisson and R.J. Naiman (editors). 1997. Pacific salmon and their ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Walton, J.M. and D.B. Houston (editors). 1983. Proceedings of the Olympic Wild Fish Conference.Peninsula College, Port Angeles, Washington.
Other References for FISH 450
Identification, distribution, general life history:
Shapovalov, L. and A.C. Taft. 1954. The life histories of the steelhead rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri gairdneri) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with special reference to Waddell Creek, California, and recommendations regarding their management. Cal. Dep. Fish Game (U.S.A.), Fish Bull., 98: 375 p.
McPhail, J.D. and C.C. Lindsey. 1970. Freshwater Fishes of Northwestern Canada and Alaska. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 173.
Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 184.
Hart, J.L. 1973. Pacific Fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 180.
Hocutt, C.H. and E.O. Wiley (editors). 1986. Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. Wiley Interscience, New York.
Groot, C. and L. Margolis. 1991. Pacific Salmon Life Histories. Univ. of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C.
Meehan, W.R. and T.C. Bjornn. 1991. Salmonid distributions and life histories. In: Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats. W.R. Meehan (editor). Amer. Fish. Soc. Special Publ. 19: 47-82.
General life history analysis, anadromy, catadromy:
Wootton, R.J. 1984. Introduction: strategies and tactics in fish reproduction. In: Fish Reproduction - Strategies and Tactics (G.W. Potts and R.J. Wootton, editors). Academic Press, London.pp. 1-12.
Gross, M.R. and R.C. Sargent. 1985. The evolution of male and female parental care in fishes. Amer. Zool. 25: 807-822.
Gross, M.R. 1987. Evolution of diadromy in fishes. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1: 14-25.
Gross, M.R., R.M. Coleman and R.M. McDowall. 1988. Aquatic productivity and the evolution of diadromous fish migration. Science 239: 1291-1293.
McDowall, R.M. 1988. Diadromy in Fishes. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Winemiller, K.O. and K.A. Rose. 1992. Patterns of life-history diversification in North American fishes: implications for population regulation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 2196-2218.
McDowall, R.M. 1993. A recent marine ancestry for diadromous fishes? Sometimes yes, but mostly no! Env. Biol. Fish. 37: 329-335.
Speciation and taxonomy:
Utter, F.M., F.W. Allendorf and H. Hodgins. 1973. Genetic variability and relationships in Pacific salmon and related trout based on protein variations. Syst. Zool. 22: 257-270.
Smith, G.R. and R.F. Stearley. 1989. The classification and scientific names of rainbow and cutthroat trouts. Fisheries 14(1): 4-10.
Phillips, R.B., K.A. Pleyte and M.R. Brown. 1992. Salmonid phylogeny inferred from ribosomal DNA restriction maps. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 234-2353.
Shedlock, A.M., J.D. Parker, D.A. Crispin, T.W. Pietsch and G.C. Burmer. 1992. Evolution of the salmonid mitochondrial control region. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 1: 179-192.
Stearley, R.F. and G.R. Smith. 1993. Phylogeny of the Pacific trouts and salmons (Oncorhynchus) and genera of the family Salmonidae. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122: 1-33.
Utter, F.M. and F.W. Allendorf. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Oncorhynchus: a consensus view. Cons. Biol. 8: 864-867
McPhail, J.D. 1996. The origin and speciation of Oncorhynchus revisited. In: Pacific salmon and their ecosystems. Stouder, D.J., P.A. Bisson and .J. Naiman (editors). Chapman and Hall, New York. pp. 29-38.
Ocean distribution and homing:
Neave, F. 1964. Ocean migrations of Pacific salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 21: 1227-1244.
Royce, W.F., L.S. Smith and A.C. Hartt. 1968. Models of oceanic migrations of Pacific salmon and comments on guidance mechanisms. Fish. Bull. 66: 441-462.
Healey, M.C. and C. Groot. 1987. Marine migration and orientation of ocean-type chinook and sockeye salmon. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1: 98-312.
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission Bulletins:
Bull. 31 (1975) on coho
Bull. 40 (1981) on pink
Bull. 34 (1976) on sockeye
Bull. 43 (1984) on masu
Bull. 35 (1976) on chum
Bull. 46 (1986) on juveniles
Bull. 38 (1978) on chinook
Bull. 51 (1992) on steelhead
Hiramatsu, K. and Y. Ishida. 1989. Random movement and orientation in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) migrations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1062-1066.
Hansen, L.P., N. Jonsson and B. Jonsson. 1993. Oceanic migration in homing Atlantic salmon. Anim. Behav. 45: 927-941.
Dat, C.G., P.H. LeBlond, K.A. Thompson and W.J. Ingraham, Jr. 1995. Computer simulations of homeward-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon: is compass orientation a sufficient direction-finding mechanism in the north-east Pacific Ocean? Fish. Oceanogr. 4: 209-219.
Ogura, M. and Y. Ishida. 1995. Homing behavior and vertical movements of four species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the central Bering Sea. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 532-540.
Coastal migrations of adults:
Blackbourn, D. J. 1987. Sea surface temperature and pre-season prediction of return timing in Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 296-306.
Quinn, T.P., B.A. terHart and C. Groot. 1989. Migratory orientation and vertical movements of homing adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in coastal waters. Anim. Behav. 37: 587-599.
Thomson, K.A., W.J. Ingraham, M.C. Healey, P.H. LeBlond, C. Groot and C.G. Healey. 1992. The influence of ocean currents on latitude of landfall and migration speed of sockeye salmon returning to the Fraser River. Fish. Oceanogr. 1: 163-179.
Olson, A.F. and T.P. Quinn. 1993. Vertical and horizontal movements of adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Columbia River estuary. Fish. Bull. 91: 171-178.
Levy, D.A. and A.D. Cadenhead. 1995. Selective tidal stream transport of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Fraser River estuary. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 1-12.
Upriver migration:
Thompson, W.F. 1945. Effect of the obstruction at Hell's Gate on the sockeye salmon of the Fraser River. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm. Bull. 1: 175 p.
Killick, S.R. 1955. The chronological order of Fraser River sockeye salmon during migration, spawning and death. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm. Bull. 7: 95 p.
Banks, J.W. 1969. A review of the literature on the upstream migration of adult salmonids. J. Fish Biol. 1: 85-136.
Gilhousen, P. 1980. Energy sources and expenditures in Fraser River sockeye salmon during their spawning migration. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm. Bull. 22: 51 p.
Truscott, B., D.R. Idler, Y.P. So and J.M. Walsh. 1986. Maturational steroids and gonadotropin in upstream migratory sockeye salmon. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62: 99-110.
Bernatchez, L. and J.J. Dodson. 1987. Relationship between bioenergetics and behavior in anadromous fish migrations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 399-407.
Gilhousen, P. 1990. Prespawning mortalities of sockeye salmon in the Fraser River system and possible causes. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm. Bull. 26: 58 p.
Trépanier, S., M.A. Rodríguez and P. Magnan. 1996. Spawning migrations in landlocked Atlantic salmon: time series modelling of river discharge and water temperature effects. J. Fish Biol. 48: 925-936.
Homing - evidence and patterns:
Quinn, T.P., C.C. Wood, L. Margolis, B.E. Riddell and K.D. Hyatt. 1987. Homing in wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations as inferred from differences in parasite prevalence and allozyme allele frequencies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 1963-1971.
Quinn, T.P., R.S. Nemeth and D. O. McIsaac. 1991. Patterns of homing and straying by fall chinook salmon in the lower Columbia River. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 120:150-156.
Quinn, T.P. 1993. A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fish. Res. 18: 29-44.
Tallman, R. F., and M. C. Healey. 1994. Homing, straying, and gene flow among seasonally separated populations of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 577-588.
Hard, J. J., and W. R. Heard. 1999. Analysis of straying variation in Alaskan hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following transplantation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 578-589.
Homing: mechanisms and hypotheses:
Scholz, A.T., R.M. Horrall, J.C. Cooper and A.D. Hasler. 1976. Imprinting to chemical cues: the basis for homestream selection in salmon. Science 192: 1247-1249.
Nordeng, H. 1977. A pheromone hypothesis for homeward migration in anadromous salmonids. Oikos 28: 155-159.
Hasler, A.D. and A.T. Scholz. 1983. Olfactory Imprinting and Homing in Salmon. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York.
McIsaac, D.O. and T.P. Quinn. 1988. Evidence for a hereditary component in homing behavior of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 2201-2205.
Nevitt, G.A., A.H. Dittman, T.P. Quinn and W.J. Moody, Jr. 1994. Evidence for a peripheral olfactory memory in imprinted salmon. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91: 4288-4292.
Nevitt, G., and A. Dittman. 1998. A new model for olfactory imprinting in salmon. Integrative Biology. 1: 215-223.
Dittman, A.H. and T.P. Quinn. 1996. Homing in Pacific salmon: mechanisms and ecological basis. J. Exp. Biol. 199: 83-91.
Spawning site selection and redd construction:
Burner, C.J. 1951. Characteristics of spawning nests of Columbia River salmon. Fish. Bull. 52: 97-110.
Neilson, J.D. and C.E. Banford. 1983. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawner characteristics in relation to redd physical features. Can. J. Zool. 1524-1531.
Crisp, D.T. and P.A. Carling. 1989. Observations on siting, dimensions and structure of salmonid redds. J. Fish Biol. 34: 119-134.
Thurow, R.F. and J.G. King. 1994. Attributes of Yellowstone cutthroat trout redds in a tributary of the Snake River, Idaho. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 123: 37-50.
Kondolf, G.M., M.J. Sale and M.G. Wolman. 1994. Modification of fluvial gravel size by spawning salmonids. Water Res. Res. 29: 2265-2274.
Kondolf, G.M. and M.G. Wolman. 1994. The sizes of salmonid spawning gravels. Water Res. Res. 29: 2275-2285.
Barlaup, B.T., H. Lura, and H. Sægrov. 1994. Inter- and intra-specific variability in female salmonid spawning behaviour. Can. J. Zool. 72: 636-642.
Knapp, R.A. and V.T. Vredenburg. 1996. Spawning by California golden trout: characteristics of spawning fish, seasonal and daily timing, redd characteristics, and microhabitat preferences. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 125: 519-531.
Mating systems and sexual selection:
Schroder, S.L. 1981. The role of sexual selection in determining the overall mating patterns and mate choice in chum salmon. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Washington.
Gross, M.R. 1985. Disruptive selection for alternative life history strategies in salmon. Nature 313: 47-48.
Foote, C.J. 1988. Male mate choice dependent on male size in salmon. Behaviour 106: 63-80.
Foote, C.J. and P.A. Larkin. 1988. The role of male choice in the assortative mating of anadromous and non-anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Behaviour 106: 43-62.
Foote, C.J. 1990. An experimental comparison of male and female spawning territoriality in a Pacific salmon. Behaviour 115: 283-314.
Quinn, T. P. and C. J. Foote. 1994. The effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behaviour of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Anim. Behav.
Fleming, I.A., Gross, M.R. 1994. Breeding competition in a Pacific salmon (coho: Oncorhynchus kisutch): measures of natural and sexual selection. Evolution 48: 637-657.
Ecology of adult salmon: predation and scavenging:
Frame, G. W. 1974. Black bear predation on salmon at Olsen Creek, Alaska. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie. 35: 23-38.
Kline, T. C. J., J. J. Goering, O. A. Mathisen, and P. Poe. 1990. Recycling of elements transported upstream by runs of Pacific salmon:I. d15N and d13Cevidence in Sashin Creek, southeastern Alaska. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 136-144.
Kline, T. C. J., J. J. Goering, O. A. Mathisen, P. Poe, P. L. Parker, and R. S. Scalan. 1993. Recycling of elements transported upstream by runs of Pacific salmon:II. d15N and d13C evidence in the Kvichak River watershed, Bristol Bay, Southern Alaska. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 2350-2365.
Willson, M. F., and K. C. Halupka. 1995. Anadromous fish as keystone species in vertebrate communities. Conservation Biology. 9(3): 489-497.
Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, and P. A. Bisson. 1996. Incorporation of nitrogen and carbon from spawning coho salmon into the trophic system of small streams: evidence from stable isotopes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 164-173.
Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, P. A. Bisson, and J. K. Walter. 1998. Responses of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwestern Washington, U.S.A. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 1909-1918.
Wipfli, M. S., J. Hudson, and J. Caouette. 1998. Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 1503-1511.
Willson, M. F., S. M. Gende, and B. H. Marston. 1998. Fishes and the forest - expanding perspectives on fish-wildlife interactions. BioScience. 48: 455-462.
Incubation and egg-fry survival:
Chapman, D.W. 1988. Critical review of variables used to define effects of fines in redds of large salmonids. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 117: 1-21.
Everest, F.H., R.L. Beschta, J.C. Scrivener, K.V. Koski, J.R. Sedell and C.J. Cedarholm. 1987. Fine sediment and salmonid production: a paradox. Pages 98-142 in E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy, editors. Streamside management - forestry and fishery interactions.Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle.
Scrivener, J.C. and M.J. Brownlee. 1989. Effects of forest harvesting on spawning gravel and incubation survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 681-696.
McNeil, W.J. 1964. Redd superimposition and egg capacity of pink salmon spawning beds. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 21: 1385-1396.
Murray, C.B. and J.D. McPhail. 1988. Effect of temperature on the development of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) embryos and alevins. Can. J. Zool. 66: 266-273.
Johnson, S.C., G.A. Chapman and D.G. Stevens. 1989. Relationships between temperature units and sensitivity to handling for coho salmon and rainbow trout embryos. Prog. Fish-Cult. 51: 61-68.
Rubin, J.-F. and C. Glimsäter. 1996. Egg-to-fry survival of the sea trout in some streams of Gotland. ???? 48: 585-606.
Alevin movements and emergence:
Dill, L.M. and T.G. Northcote. 1970. Effects of gravel size, egg depth, and egg density on intragravel movement and emergence of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27: 1191-1199.
Brannon, E.L. 1972. Mechanisms controlling migration of sockeye salmon fry. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm. Bull. 21: 86 p.
Mason, J.C. 1976. Some features of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, fry emerging from simulated redds and concurrent changes in photobehavior. Fish. Bull. 74: 167-175.
Godin, J.-G. 1982. Migrations of salmonid fishes during early life history phases: daily and annual timing. In: Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium (E.L. Brannon and E.O. Salo, eds.). School of Fisheries, Univ. of Washington. pp. 22-50.
Nunan, C.P. and D.L.G. Noakes. 1987. Effects of light on movement of rainbow trout embryos within, and on their emergence from, artificial redds. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 2: 151-156.
Brännäs, E. 1995. First access to territorial space and exposure to strong predation pressure: a conflict in early emerging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry. Evol. Ecol. 9: 411-420.
Salmonids in streams:
Puckett, K.J. and L.M. Dill. 1985. The energetics of feeding territoriality in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Behaviour 92: 97-111.
Bisson, P.A., K. Sullivan and J.L. Nielsen. 1988. Channel hydraulics, habitat use, and body form of juvenile coho salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout in streams. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 117: 262-273.
Fausch, K.D. 1988. Tests of competition between native and introduced salmonids in streams: what have we learned? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 2238-2246.
Crisp, D.T. 1989. Some impacts of human activities on trout, Salmo trutta, populations. Freshw. Biol. 21: 21-33.
Dolloff, C.A., and G.H. Reeves. 1990. Microhabitat partitioning among stream-dwelling juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 2297-2306.
Bugert, R.M., T.C. Bjornn and W.R. Meehan. 1991. Summer habitat use by young salmonids and their responses to cover and predators in a small southeast Alaska stream. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 120: 474-485.
Bjornn, T.C. and D.W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams. In: Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats.W.R. Meehan (ed.). Amer. Fish. Soc. Special Publ. 19: 83-138.
Nielsen, J. L. 1992. Microhabitat-specific foraging behavior, diet, and growth of juvenile coho salmon. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 121: 617-634.
Non-Salmonids:
Li, H.W., C.B. Schreck, C.E. Bond and E. Rexstad. 1987. Factors influencing changes in fish assemblages of Pacific Northwest streams. Pages 193-202in W.J. Matthews and D.C. Heins, editors. Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes. Univ. of Oklahoma Pres, Norman.
Reeves, G.H., F.H.Everest and J.D. Hall. 1987. Interactions between the redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) and the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in western Oregon: the influence of water temperature. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 1603-1613.
Beecher, H.A., E.R. Dott and R.F. Fernau. 1988. Fish species richness and stream order in Washington State streams. Env. Biol. Fish. 22: 193-209.
Frissell, C.A. 1993. Topology of extinction and endangerment of native fishes in the Pacific Northwest and California (U.S.A.). Cons. Biol. 7: 342-354.
Lonzarich, D.G. 1994. Stream fish communities in Washington: patterns and processes. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.
Sockeye in lakes:
Eggers, D.M. 1978. Limnetic feeding behavior of juvenile sockeye salmon in Lake Washington and predator avoidance. Limnol. Oceanogr.23: 1114-1125.
Hampton, S. E., Romare, P. and Seiler, D. E. 2006a. Environmentally controlled Daphnia spring increase with implications for sockeye salmon fry in Lake Washington, USA. Journal of Plankton Research 28:399-406.
Hampton, S. E., Scheuerell, M. D. and Schindler, D. E. 2006b. Coalescence in the Lake Washington story: Interaction strengths in a planktonic food web. Limnology and Oceanography 51:2042-2051.
Hampton, S. E. and Schindler, D. E. 2006. Empirical evaluation of observation scale effects in community time series. Oikos 113:424-439.
Hyatt, K.D. and J.G. Stockner. 1985. Responses of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to fertilization of British Columbia coastal lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 320-331.
Burgner, R.L. 1987. Factors influencing age and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in lakes. Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 129-142.
Koenings, J.P. and R.D. Burkett. 1987. Population characteristics of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts relative to temperature regimes, euphotic volume, fry density, and forage base within Alaskan lakes. Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 216-234.
Stockner, J.G. 1987. Lake fertilization: the enrichment cycle and lake sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) production. Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 198-215.
Kyle, G.B., J.P. Koenings and B.M. Barrett. 1988. Density-dependent, trophic level responses to an introduced run of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Frazer Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 856-867.
Levy, D.A. 1990. Sensory mechanisms and selective advantage for diel vertical migration in juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1796-1802.
Downstream migration:
Dawley, E.M. et al. 1986. Migrational characteristics, biological observations, and relative survival of juvenile salmonids entering the Columbia River estuary, 1966-1983. Report to the Bonneville Power Administration. 256 p.
Raymond, H.L. 1988. Effects of hydroelectric development and fisheries enhancement on spring and summer chinook salmon and steelhead in the Columbia River basin. N. Amer. J. Fish. Mgmt. 8: 1-24.
McMahon, T.E. and L.B. Holtby. 1992. Behaviour, habitat use, and movements of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts during seaward migration. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 1478-1485.
Berggren, T.J. and M.J. Filardo. 1993. An analysis of variables influencing the migration of juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River basin. N. Amer. J. Fish. Mgmt. 13: 48-63.
Wood, C.C., N.B. Hargreaves, D.T. Rutherford and B.T. Emmett. 1993. Downstream and early marine migratory behaviour of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts entering Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 1329-1337.
Williams, J.G. and G.M. Matthews. 1995. A review of flow and survival relationships for spring and summer chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from the Snake River basin. Fish. Bull. 93: 732.740.
Smolt transformation:
Hoar, W.S. 1976. Smolt transformation: evolution, behavior, and physiology. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 1233-1252.
Zaugg, W.S., E.F. Prentice and F.W. Waknitz. 1985. Importance of river migration to the development of seawater tolerance in Columbia River anadromous salmonids. Aquaculture 51: 33-47.
Dickhoff, W.W. and C.V. Sullivan. 1987. Involvement of the thyroid gland in smoltification, with special reference to metabolic and developmental processes. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1: 197-210.
Thorpe, J.E. 1987. Smolting versus residency: developmental conflict in salmonids. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1: 244-252.
Dickhoff, W.W. 1993. Hormones, metamorphosis, and smolting. In: The Endocrine Control of Growth, Development, and Metabolism in Vertebrates. Academic Press.
International Salmon Smoltification Symposia, Special Issues.
Aquaculture. 1982. 28: 1-270.
Aquaculture. 1985. 45: 1-404.
Aquaculture. 1989. 28: 1-390.
Aquaculture. 1994. 28: 1-300.
Estuarine residence:
Levy, D.A. and T.G. Northcote. 1982. Juvenile salmon residency in a marsh area of the Fraser estuary. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 270-276.
Healey, M.C. 1980. Utilization of the Nanaimo River estuary by juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Fish. Bull. 77: 653-668.
Simenstad, C.A., K.L. Fresh and E.O. Salo. 1982. The role of Puget Sound estuaries in the life history of Pacific salmon: an unappreciated function. In: Estuarine Comparisons (V.S. Kennedy, ed.). Academic Press, N.Y. pp. 343-364.
Macdonald, J.S., I.K. Birtwell and G.M. Kruzynski. 1987. Food and habitat utilization by juvenile salmonids in the Campbell River estuary. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 1233-1246.
Levings, C.D. 1994.Feeding behaviour of juvenile salmon and significance of habitat during estuary and early sea phase. Nordic J. Freshw. Res. 69: 7-16.
Thorpe, J.E. 1994. Salmonid fishes and the estuarine environment. Estuaries 17: 76-93.
Early marine migration:
Miller, D.R., J.G. Williams and C.W. Sims. 1983. Distribution, abundance and growth of juvenile salmonids off the coast of Oregon and Washington, summer 1980. Fish. Res. 2: 1-17.
Hartt, A.C. and M.B. Dell. 1986. Early oceanic migrations and growth of juvenile Pacific salmon and steelhead trout. Int. N. Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 46: 1-105.
Groot, C. and K.D. Cooke. 1987. Are the migrations of juvenile and adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in near-shore waters related? Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 53-60.
Pearcy, W.G. and J.P. Fisher. 1988. Migrations of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during their first summer in the ocean. Fish. Bull. 86: 173-195.
Groot, C., R.E. Bailey, L. Margolis and K. Cooke. 1989. Migratory patterns of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, as etermined by analysis of parasite assemblages. Can. J. Zool. 67: 1670-1678.
Marine mortality:
Parker, R.R. 1965. Estimation of sea mortality rates for the 1961 brood-year pink salmon of the Bella Coola area, British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 225: 1523-1554.
Bilton, H.T., D.F. Alderdice and J.T. Schnute. 1982. Influence of time and size at release of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on returns at maturity.Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 426-447.
Ward, B.R., P.A. Slaney, A.R. Facchin, and R.W. Land. 1989. Size-biased survival in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): back-calculated lengths from adults' scales compared to migrating smolts at the Keogh River, British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1853-1858.
Holtby, L.B., B.C. Andersen, and R.K. Kadowaki. 1990. Importance of smolt size and early ocean growth to interannual variability in marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 2181-2194.
Henderson, M.A., and A.J. Cass. 1991. Effect of smolt size on smolt-to-adult survival for Chilko Lake sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 988-994.
Koenings, J.P., H.J. Geiger, and J.J. Hasbrouck. 1993. Smolt-to-adult survival patterns of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): effect of smolt length and geographic latitude when entering the sea. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 600-611.
Beamish, R.J. and D.R. Bouillon. 1993. Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 1002-1016.
Bradford, M.J. 1995. Comparative review of Pacific salmon survival rates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 1327-1338.
McGurk, M.D. 1996. Allometry of marine mortality of Pacific salmon. Fishery Bulletin 94: 77-88.
Marine feeding and growth:
Pearcy, W., T. Nishiyama and K. Masuda. 1984. Diel variation in the feeding habits of Pacific salmon caught in gill nets during a 24-hour period in the Gulf of Alaska. Fish. Bull. 82: 391-399.
Brodeur, R.D. and W.G. Pearcy. 1990. Trophic relations of juvenile Pacific salmon off the Oregon and Washington coast. Fish. Bull. 88: 617-636.
Brodeur, R. D., R. C. Francis, and W. G. Pearcy. 1992. Food consumption of juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) on the continental shelf off Washington and Oregon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 1670-1685.
Welch, D. W., and T. R. Parsons. 1993. d13C-d15N values as indicators of trophic position and competitive overlap for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Fish. Oceanogr. 2: 11-23.
Tadokoro, K., Y. Ishida, N.D. Davis, S. Ueyanagi and T. Sugimoto. 1996. Change in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) stomach contents associated with fluctuation of pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) abundance in the central subarctic Pacific and Bering Sea. Fish. Oceanogr. 5: 89-99.
Age and size at maturity:
Ricker, W.E. 1980. Causes of the decrease in age and size of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 944: 25 p.
Hard, J.J., A.C. Wertheimer, W.R. Heard and R.M. Martin. 1985. Early male maturity in two stocks of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transplanted to an experimental hatchery in southeastern Alaska. Aquaculture 48: 351-359.
Holtby, L.B., and M.C. Healey. 1986. Selection for adult body size in female coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 1946-1959.
Rogers, D.E. 1987. The regulation of age at maturity in Wood River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. Sp. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 78-89.
Healey, M. C. 1987. The adaptive significance of age and size at maturity in female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. Sp. Publ Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 110-117.
Holtby, L.B., and M.C. Healey. 1990. Sex-specific life history tactics and risk-taking in coho salmon. Ecology 71: 678-690.
Hankin, D.G., J.W. Nicholas, and T.W. Downey. 1993. Evidence for inheritance of age at maturity in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 347-358.
Smoker, W. W., A. J. Gharrett, M. S. Stekoll, and J. E. Joyce. 1994. Genetic analysis of size in an anadromous population of pink salmon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 (Suppl. 1): 9-15.
McKinnell, S. 1995. Age-specific effects of sockeye abundance on adult body size of selected British Columbia sockeye stocks. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 1050-1063.
Bigler, B.S., D.W. Welch and J.H. Helle. 1996. A review of size trends among North Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 455-465.
Pyper, B. J., R. M. Peterman, M. F. Lapointe, and C. J. Walters. 1999. Patterns of covariation in length and age at maturity of British Columbia and Alaska sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 1046-1057.
Local adaptation and conservation:
Ricker, W.E. 1972. Hereditary and environmental factors affecting certain salmonid populations. pp. 19-160. In: The Stock Concept in Pacific Salmon, R.C. Simon and P.A. Larkin (eds.). H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
Taylor, E. B. 1991. A review of local adaptation in Salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 98: 185-207.
Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams, and J.A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stock at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho and Washington. Fisheries 16(2): 4-21.
Ryman, N. 1991. Conservation genetics considerations in fishery management. J. Fish Biol. 39: 211-224.
Waples, R. S. 1991. Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the definition of "species" under the Endangered Species Act. Mar. Fish. Rev.53: 11-22.
Riddell, B. E. 1993. Spatial organization of Pacific salmon:what to conserve?, in Cloud, J. G., and Thorgaard, G. H., editors, Genetic Conservation of Salmonid Fishes: New York, Plenum Press, pp. 23-41.
Wood, C. C. 1995. Life history variation and population structure in sockeye salmon. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 17: 195-216.
Transplants - successes and failures:
MacCrimmon, H. R. 1971. World distribution of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 663-704.
Withler, F.C. 1982. Transplanting Pacific salmon. Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci.1079: 27 p.
Lear, W.H. 1980. The pink salmon transplant experiment in Newfoundland. In: Salmon Ranching (J.E. Thorpe, ed.). Academic Press, London.pp. 213-243.
Fedorenko, A.Y., and B.G. Shepherd. 1986. Review of salmon transplant procedures and suggested transplant guidelines. Can. Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1479: 144 p.
Williams, I.V. 1987. Attempts to re-establish sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations in the Upper Adams River, British Columbia, 1949-1984. Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 96: 235-242.
Kwain, W. 1987. Biology of pink salmon in the North American Great Lakes. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1: 57-65.
Quinn, T. P. and M. J. Unwin. 1993. Life history patterns of New Zealand chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 1414-1421.
Hendry, A.P., T.P. Quinn and F.M. Utter. 1996. Genetic evidence for the persistence and divergence of native and introduced populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) within Lake Washington, WA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 823-832.
Effects of Logging:
Tschaplinski, P.J. and G.F. Hartman. 1983. Winter distribution of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after logging in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, and some implications for overwinter survival. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 452-461.
Murphy, M.L., J. Heifetz, S.W. Johnson, K.V.Koski and J.F. Thedinga. 1986. Effects of clear-cut logging with and without buffer strips on juvenile salmonids in Alaskan streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 1521-1533.
Bisson, P.A., R.E. Bilby, M.D. Bryant, C.A. Dolloff, G.B. Grette, R.A. House, M.L. Murphy, K.V. Koski and J.R. Sedell. 1987. Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific northwest: past, present, and future. Pages 143-190 in E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy, editors. Streamside management - forestry and fishery interactions.Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle.
Hartman, G., J.C. Scrivener, L.B. Holtby and L. Powell. 1987. Some effects of different streamside treatments on physical conditions and fish population processes in Carnation Creek, a coastal rain forest stream in British Columbia. Pages 330-372 in E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy, editors. Streamside management - forestry and fishery interactions.Institute of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle.
Bilby, R.E., and P.A. Bisson. 1987. Emigration and production of hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) stocked in streams draining an old-growth and a clear-cut watershed. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1397-1407.
Andrus, C.W., B.A. Long and H.A. Froehlich. 1988. Woody debris and its contribution to pool formation in a coastal stream 50 years after logging. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 2080-2086.
Holtby, L.B. 1988. Effects of logging on stream temperatures in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, and associated impacts on the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 502-515.
Holtby, L.B. and J.C. Scrivener. 1989. Observed and simulated effects of climatic variability, clear-cut logging, and fishing on the numbers of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) returning to Carnation Creek, British Columbia. Can. Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 105: 62-81.
Carlson, J.Y., C.W. Andrus and H.A. Froehlich. 1990. Woody debris, channel features, and macroinvertebrates of streams with logged and undisturbed riparian timber in northeastern Oregon, U.S.A. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1103-1111.
Bilby, R.E., and J.W. Ward. 1991. Characteristics and function of large woody debris in streams draining old-growth, clear-cut, and second-growth forests in southwestern Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 2499-2508.
Fausch, K.D., and T.G. Northcote. 1992. Large woody debris and salmonid habitat in a small coastal British Columbia stream. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 682-693.
Bilby, R.E., and P.A. Bisson. 1992. Allochthonous versus autochthonous organic matter contributions to the trophic support of fish populations in clear-cut and old-growth forested streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 540-551.
Ralph, S. C., G. C. Poole, L. L. Conquest, and R. J. Naiman. 1994. Stream channel morphology and woody debris in logged and unlogged basins of western Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 37-51.
Hatcheries and Wild Salmon:
Reisenbichler, R.R. and J.D. McIntyre. 1977. Genetic differences in growth and survival of juvenile hatchery and wild steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 123-128.
Nickelson, T.E., M.F. Solazzi and S.L. Johnson. 1986. Use of hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) presmolts to rebuild wild populations in Oregon coastal streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 2443-2449.
Lichatowich, J.A. and J.D. McIntyre. 1987. Use of hatcheries in the management of Pacific anadromous salmonids. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1: 131-136.
Leider, S.A., P.L. Hulett, J.J, Loch and M.W. Chilcote. 1990. Electrophoretic comparison of the reproductive success of naturally spawning transplanted and wild steelhead trout through the returning adult stage. Aquaculture 88: 239-252.
Hindar, K., N. Ryman and F. Utter. 1991. Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 945-957.
Krueger, C.C. and B. May. 1991. Ecological and genetic effects of salmonid introductions in North America. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (Suppl. 1): 66-77.
Mesa, M.G. 1991. Variation in feeding, aggression, and position choice between hatchery and wild cutthroat trout in an artificial stream. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 120: 723-727.
Waples, R.S. 1991. Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: lessons from the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (Suppl. 1): 124-133.
Hilborn, R. 1992. Institutional learning and spawning channels for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 1126-1136.
Fleming, I.A. and M.R. Gross. 1993. Breeding success of hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in competition. Ecol. Appl. 3: 230-245.
Hilborn, R. and J. Winton. 1993. Learning to enhance salmon production: lessons from the salmonid enhancement program. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 2043-2056.
Riddell, B.E. 1993. Salmonid enhancement: lessons from the past and a role for the future. In: D. Mills (ed.), Salmon in the Sea and New Enhancement Strategies. Fishing News Books, Blackwell, Oxford.pp. 338-355.
Berejekian, B.A. 1995. The effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and environmental factors on the behavioral development of steelhead trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Campton, D. E. 1995. Genetic effects of hatchery fish on wild populations of Pacific salmon and steelhead: what do we really know? Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. 15: 337-353.